Definitiveness of Proof of Ḥarām and Ḥukm of Its Denial in the Ḥanafī School
Article Sidebar
Abstract
In Islamic law, knowledge of ḥarām as a judgement (ḥukm) category is as important as determining the deeds that are ḥarām. Accordingly, work on uṣūl al-fiqh describes the concept of ḥarām from several perspectives. Pursuant to some classical Ḥanafī work on uṣūl al-fiqh and certain modern uṣūl studies, the common Ḥanafī view is that proof for prohibition must be definitive to determine what is ḥarām and its denier is subjected to excommunication (takfīr). Nevertheless, based on a general approach in classical Ḥanafī work on uṣūl al-fiqh and the use of the ḥarām concept in furūʿ books, it is impossible to accept the foregoing view as the absolute or preferable opinion in the Ḥanafī school. This study discusses the correctness of this relation for the foregoing approach to the Ḥanafī school through the following claim: According to common Ḥanafī view, definitiveness of proof, which signifies prohibition, is not necessary for determining ḥarām; it can be equally determined through speculative proof. Thus, it is impossible to declare someone unbeliever unless he / she denies a ḥarām with definitive proof.
References
Abū Dāwūd, Sulaymān ibn al-Ashʿath al-Sijistānī. Sunan Abī Dāwūd. 5 vols. Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1981.
Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad al-Shaybānī. Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal. 50 vols. Edited by Shuʿayb al-Arnāʾūṭ and ʿādil Murshid. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2001.
al-āmidī, Abū l-Ḥasan Sayf al-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. al-Iḥkām fī uṣūl al-aḥkām. 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Razzāq ʿAfīfī. Riyadh: Dār al-á¹¢umayʿī, 2003.
Amīr Bādshāh, Muḥammad Amīn ibn Maḥmūd al-Bukhārī. Taysīr al-Taḥrīr (along with Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wāḥid Ibn al-Humām´s al-Taḥrīr fī uṣūl al-fiqh). 4 vols. Egypt: Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa-awlāduhū, 1350.
al-Anṣārī, ʿAbd al-ʿAlī Muḥammad ibn Niẓām al-Dīn. Fawātiḥ al-raḥamūt bi-sharḥ Musallam al-thubūt fī uṣūl al-fiqh (along with MuhÌ£ibb AllaÌh Ibn ʿAbd al-Shakūr al-Bihārī´s Musallam al-thubūt and Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī´s al-Mustaṣfá min ʿilm al-uṣūl). 2 vols. BuÌlaÌq: al-MatÌ£baʿah al-AmiÌriyyah, 1322.
Aral, Vecdi. Hukuk ve Hukuk Bilimi Üzerine. Istanbul: Filiz Kitabevi, n.d.
Atar, Fahrettin. Fıkıh Usûlü. 5th ed. Istanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi Vakfı (İFAV) Yayınları, 2002.
al-ʿAynī, Abū Muḥammad Badr al-Dīn Maḥmūd ibn Aḥmad. al-Bināyah fī sharḥ al-Hidāyah. 12 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1990.
ʿAzmīzādah, Muṣṭafá ibn Bīr ʿAlī, Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār (along with ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ibn Malak´s Sharḥ al-Manār, Yaḥyá ibn Qarājā al-Ruhāwī´s Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār, and Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī´s Anwār al-ḥalak ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār li-Ibn Malak, in Sharḥ al-Manār wa-ḥawāshīhi min ʿilm al-uṣūl). Darsaʿādah: Maṭbaʿa-i ʿUthmāniyyah, 1315.
Batuk, Cengiz. “Tabu.„ In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXXIX, 334-335.
al-Bayānūnī, Muḥammad Abū l-Fatḥ. al-Ḥukm al-taklīfī fī l-sharīʿah al-Islāmiyyah. Damascus: Dār al-Qalam, 1988.
al-Bazdawī, Abū l-Ḥasan Abū l-ʿUsr Fakhr al-Islām ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. Uṣūl al-Bazdawī (along with ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Aḥmad al-Bukhārī´s Kashf al-asrār ʿan Uṣūl Fakhr al-Islām al-Bazdawī). 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997.
al-Bazdawī, Abū l-Yusr Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. Maʿrifat al-ḥujaj al-sharʿiyyah. Edited by ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Yāsīn. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2000.
al-Bihārī, MuhÌ£ibb AllaÌh Ibn ʿAbd al-Shakūr. Musallam al-thubūt (along with Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī´s al-Mustaṣfá min ʿilm al-uṣūl and ʿAbd al-ʿAlī Muḥammad ibn Niẓām al-Dīn al-Anṣārī´s Fawātiḥ al-raḥamūt bi-sharḥ Musallam al-thubūt fī uṣūl al-fiqh). 2 vols. BuÌlaÌq: al-MatÌ£baʿah al-AmiÌriyyah, 1322.
Boynukalın, Mehmet. Muqaddimah to al-Aṣl, by Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan al-Shaybānī. Edited by Mehmet Boynukalın. Beirut: Dār Ibn Ḥazm, 2012. I.
al-Bukhārī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Ismāʿīl. al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ. 8 vols. Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1981.
al-Bukhārī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz ibn Aḥmad. Kashf al-asrār ʿan uṣūl Fakhr al-Islām al-Bazdawī (along with Abū l-ʿUsr al-Bazdawī´s Uṣūl al-Bazdawī). 4 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1997.
Büyük Ḥaydar Efendī. Uṣūl-i Fiqh Dersleri. Istanbul: al-Maktabat al-Maḥmūdiyyah, n.d.
Çetintaş, Recep. İlk Beş Asır Fıkıh Usulü Literatüründe Teklîfî Hüküm Ter-minolojisi. Ankara: Fecr Yayınevi, 2015.
al-Dabūsī, Abū Zayd ʿUbayd Allāh ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿāªsá. Taqwīm al-adillah fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Edited by KhaliÌl Muḥyī al-Dīn al-Mays. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2001.
Demirci, Kürşat. “Haram.„ In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XVI, 97-100.
Dilek, Uğur Bekir. “İslam Hukuk Metodolojisinde Teklifi Hüküm Terimleri (Doğuşu-Gelişmesi-Terimleşmesi).„ PhD diss., Konya: Selçuk University, 2010.
Dönmez, İbrahim Kâfi. “İcmâ.„ In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XXI, 417-431.
al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Mustaṣfá min ʿilm al-uṣūl (along with MuhÌ£ibb AllaÌh Ibn ʿAbd al-Shakūr al-Bihārī´s Musallam al-thubūt and ʿAbd al-ʿAlī Muḥammad ibn Niẓām al-Dīn al-Anṣārī´s Fawātiḥ al-raḥamūt bi-sharḥ Musallam al-thubūt fī uṣūl al-fiqh). 2 vols. BuÌlaÌq: al-MatÌ£baʿah al-AmiÌriyyah, 1322.
al-Ḥalabī, Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm. Multaqá l-abḥur (along with Dāmād ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad Shaykhīzādah´s Majmaʿ al-anhur fī sharḥ Multaqá l-abḥur and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥaṣkafī´s al-Durr al-muntaqá fī sharḥ al-Multaqá). 2 vols. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
al-Ḥaṣkafī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad. al-Durr al-mukhtār sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār (along with Muḥammad Amīn ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ibn ʿābidīn´s Ḥāshiyat Radd al-muḥtār ʿalá l-Durr al-mukhtār sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār fī fiqh madhhab al-Imām Abī Ḥanīfah al-Nuʿmān). 6 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1992.
. al-Durr al-muntaqá fī sharḥ al-Multaqá (along with Dāmād ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad Shaykhīzādah´s Majmaʿ al-anhur fī sharḥ Multaqá l-abḥur and Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī´s Multaqá l-abḥur). 2 vols. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
Ibn ʿābidīn, Muḥammad Amīn ibn ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Ḥāshiyat Radd al-muḥtār ʿalá l-Durr al-mukhtār sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār fī fiqh madhhab al-Imām Abī Ḥanīfah al-Nuʿmān (along with ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥaṣkafī´s, al-Durr al-mukhtār sharḥ Tanwīr al-abṣār). 6 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1992.
. Sharḥ Sharḥ al-Manār li-l-ʿAllāmah al-Shāmī fī uṣūl al-fiqh al-musammá Nasamāt al-asḥār. Edited by Fahīm Ashraf Nūr. 3rd ed. Karachi: Idārat al-Qurʾān wa-l-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyyah, 1418.
Ibn Amīr Ḥājj, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad. al-Taqrīr wa-l-taḥbīr. 3 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh Maḥmūd Muḥammad ʿUmar. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1999.
Ibn ʿAqīl, Abū l-Wafāʾ ʿAlī ibn ʿAqīl ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿAqīl al-Baghdādī al-Ḥanbalī. al-Wāḍiḥ fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 5 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1999.
Ibn al-Humām, Kamāl al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wāḥid. Sharḥ fatḥ al-qadīr ʿalá l-Hidāyah sharḥ Bidāyat al-mubtadī. 10 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Razzāq Ghālib al-Mahdī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2003.
. al-Taḥrīr fī uṣūl al-fiqh al-jāmiʿ bayna iṣṭilāḥay al-Ḥanafiyyah wa-l-Shāfiʿiyyah (along with Muḥammad Amīn ibn Maḥmūd Amīr Bādshāh al-Bukhārī´s Taysīr al-Taḥrīr). 4 vols. Egypt: Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī wa-awlāduhū, 1350.
Ibn Malak, ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz. Sharḥ al-Manār (along with ʿAzmīzādah Muṣṭafá ibn Bīr ʿAlī´s Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār, Yaḥyá ibn Qarājā al-Ruhāwī´s Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār, and Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī´s Anwār al-ḥalak ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār li-Ibn Malak, in Sharḥ al-Manār wa-ḥawāshīhi min ʿilm al-uṣūl). Darsaʿādah: Maṭbaʿa-i ʿUthmāniyyah, 1315.
Ibn Manẓūr, Abū l-Faḍl Muḥammad ibn Mukarram. Lisān al-ʿArab. 9 vols. Beirut: Dār á¹¢ādir, 1990.
Ibn Nujaym, Zayn al-Dīn ibn Ibrāhīm ibn Muḥammad al-Miṣrī. al-Baḥr al-rāʾiq sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq. 8 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī, n.d.
. Fatḥ al-Ghaffār bi-sharḥ al-Manār al-maʿrūf bi-Mishkāt al-anwār fī uṣūl al-Manār (along with glosses by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Baḥrāwī al-Ḥanafī al-Miṣrī). Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2001.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr. Ighāthat al-lahfān min maṣāyid al-shayṭān. 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Sayyid Kīlānī. Cairo: Maktabat Dār al-Turāth, 1961.
. Iʿlām al-muwaqqiʿīn ʿan Rabb al-ʿālamīn. 7 vols. Edited by Abū ʿUbaydah Mashhūr ibn Ḥasan. Riyadh: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 1423.
Ibn al-Sāʿātī, Abū l-ʿAbbās Muẓaffar al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī ibn Taghlib. Majmaʿ al-baḥrayn wa-multaqá l-nayyirayn fī l-fiqh al-Ḥanafī. Edited by Ilyās Qablān. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2005.
. Nihāyat al-wuṣūl ilá ʿilm al-uṣūl al-maʿrūf bi-Badīʿ al-niẓām al-jāmiʿ bayna kitāb al-Bazdawī wa-l-Iḥkām. Edited by Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2004.
al-Jaṣṣāṣ, Abū Bakr Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-Rāzī. al-Fuṣūl fī l-uṣūl. 4 vols. Edit-ed by ʿUjayl Jāsim al-Nashamī. 2nd ed. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1985.
Kahraman, Abdullah. Fıkıh Usûlü. 3rd ed. Istanbul: Rağbet Yayınları, 2014.
. “İslam´da Helal ve Haramın Yeri ve Fıkıh Usulü Açısından Temel-lendirilmesi.„ İslam Hukuku Araştırmaları Dergisi 20 (2012): 43-69.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence. 3rd rev. and enl. ed. Cambridge, UK: The Islamic Texts Society, 2003.
al-Kāsānī, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Abū Bakr ibn Masʿūd. Badāʾiʿ al-ṣanāʾiʿ fī tartīb al-sharāʾiʿ. Cairo: al-Maṭbaʿah al-Jamāliyyah, 1910 ï® 7 vols. in 5 vols. 2nd ed. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1986.
al-Khabbāzī, Jalāl al-Dīn Abū Muḥammad ʿUmar ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar. al-Mughnī fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Edited by Muḥammad Maẓhar Baqā. Mecca: Jāmiʿat Umm al-Qurá Markaz al-Baḥth al-ʿIlmī wa-Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-Islāmī, 1403.
al-Khādimī, Abū Saʿīd Muḥammad ibn Muṣṭafá ibn ʿUthmān. Majāmiʿ al-ḥaqāʾiq min al-uṣūl. Istanbul: Shirkat-i á¹¢aḥāfiyya-i ʿUthmāniyyah, 1308.
Khuḍarī Beg, Muḥammad. Uṣūl al-fiqh. 6th ed. Egypt: al-Maktabah al-Tijāriyyah al-Kubrá, 1969.
Kılavuz, Ahmet Saim. İman Küfür Sınırı “ Tekfir Meselesi. Istanbul: Ma-rifet Yayınları, 1977.
Koca, Ferhat. “Haram. Fıkıh.„ In Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA) , XVI, 100-104.
Koçak, Muhsin, Nihat Dalgın, and Osman Şahin. Fıkıh Usûlü. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2013.
al-Lāmishī, Abū l-Thanāʾ Maḥmūd ibn Zayd. Kitāb fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Edited by ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī. Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1995.
al-Marghīnānī, Burhān al-Dīn Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī ibn Abī Bakr. al-Hidāyah sharḥ Bidāyat al-mubtadī. 4 vols. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAdnān Darwīsh. Beirut: Sharikat Dār al-Arqam ibn Abī l-Arqam, n.d.
al-Mawṣilī, Abū l-Faḍl ʿAbd Allāh ibn Maḥmūd. al-Ikhtiyār li-taʿlīl al-Mukhtār. 5 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. 2nd ed. Istanbul: al-Maktabat al-Ḥanafiyyah, 1953.
Meḥmed Seyyid. Uṣūl-i Fiqh: Madkhal. Istanbul: Maṭbaʿa-i ʿāmirah, 1333.
Mullā al-Fanārī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥamzah. Fuṣūl al-badāʾiʿ fī uṣūl al-sharāʾīʿ. 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Ḥasan Muḥammad Ḥasan Ismāʿīl al-Shāfiʿī. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 2006.
Mullā Khusraw, Muḥammad ibn Farāmūz (Farāmurz) ibn ʿAlī. Durar al-ḥukkām fī sharḥ Ghurar al-aḥkām. 2 vols. Karachi: Mīr Muḥammad Kutubkhānah, n.d.
. Mirʾāt al-uṣūl sharḥ Mirqāt al-wuṣūl. 2 vols. Istanbul: Dār al-Ṭibāʿah al-ʿāmirah, 1309.
Muslim, Abū l-Ḥusayn Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj. á¹¢aḥīḥ Muslim. 3 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Fuʾād ʿAbd al-Bāqī. Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1981.
al-Nasafī, Abū l-Barakāt Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Aḥmad. Kanz al-daqāʾiq (fī l-fiqh al-Ḥanafī). Edited by Sāʾid Bakdāsh. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʾir al-Islāmiyyah & Medina: Dār al-Sirāj, 2011.
. Kashf al-asrār: Sharḥ al-muṣannif ʿalá l-Manār (along with Aḥmad ibn Abī Saʿīd ibn ʿAbd Allāh [ʿUbayd Allāh] Mullā Jīwan al-Laknawī´s Nūr al-anwār ʿalá l-Manār). 2 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1986.
. Sharḥ Ḥāfiẓ al-Dīn al-Nasafī li-kitāb al-Muntakhab fī uṣūl al-madhhab li-Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUmar al-Akhsīkathī. Edited by Salim Öğüt. Istanbul: n.p., 2003.
al-Qudūrī, Abū l-Ḥusayn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. al-Mawsūʿah al-fiqhiyyah al-muqāranah: al-Tajrīd. 12 vols. Edited by Muḥammad Aḥmad Sirāj and ʿAlī Jumʿah Muḥammad. Cairo: Dār al-Salām, 2004.
al-Quhistānī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ḥusām al-Dīn al-Khurāsānī. Jāmiʿ al-rumūz. 2 vols. Qazan: n.p., 1299.
Ramaḍān Efendī ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥanafī. Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid. Istanbul: Salah Bilici Kitabevi, n.d.
al-Ramlī, Zayn al-Dīn Khayr al-Dīn ibn Aḥmad al-Ayyūbī. al-Fatāwá l-khayriyyah li-nafʿ al-bariyyah. 2 vols. 2nd ed. BuÌlaÌq: al-MatÌ£baʿah al-AmiÌriyyah al-Kubrá, 1300.
al-Ruhāwī, Yaḥyá ibn Qarājā. Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār (along with ʿIzz al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Laṭīf ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Ibn Malak´s Sharḥ al-Manār, ʿAzmīzādah Muṣṭafá ibn Bīr ʿAlī´s Ḥāshiyah ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār, and Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī´s Anwār al-ḥalak ʿalá Sharḥ al-Manār li-Ibn Malak, in Sharḥ al-Manār wa-ḥawāshīhi min ʿilm al-uṣūl). Darsaʿādah: Maṭbaʿa-i ʿUthmāniyyah, 1315.
á¹¢adr al-Sharīʿah al-Awwal, ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Masʿūd al-Maḥbūbī. Sharḥ al-Wiqāyah. 3 vols. Amman: Muʾassasat al-Warrāq, 2006.
. al-Tawḍīḥ sharḥ al-Tanqīḥ (along with Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar al-Taftāzānī´s al-Talwīḥ ilá kashf ḥaqāʾiq al-Tanqīḥ). 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAdnān Darwīsh. Beirut: Sharikat Dār al-Arqam ibn Abī l-Arqam, 1998.
al-Samarqandī, Abū Bakr ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Shams al-Naẓar Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad. Mīzān al-uṣūl fī natāʾij al-ʿuqūl (al-Mukhtaṣar). Edited by Muḥammad Zakī ʿAbd al-Barr. Cairo: Maktabat Dār al-Turāth, 1997.
. Tuḥfat al-fuqahāʾ. 3 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1984.
al-Sarakhsī, Abū Bakr Shams al-Aʾimmah Muḥammad ibn Abī Sahl. al-Mabsūṭ. 30 vols. Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifah, n.d.
. Uṣūl al-Sarakhsī. 2 vols. Edited by AbuÌ l-WafaÌʾ al-AfghaÌniÌ. Hy-derabad, al-Dakkan: Lajnat Iḥyāʾ al-Maʿārif al-Nuʿmāniyyah, n.d. ï® Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyyah, 1993.
al-Sarmīnī, ʿAdnān Kāmil. Ḥujjiyyat al-ijmāʿ. Jeddah: Dār Nūr al-Maktabāt & Muʾassasat al-Rayyān, 2004.
al-Saydīshahrī, Maḥmūd Asʿad. Talkhīṣ-i Uṣūl-i Fiqh. Izmir: Maṭbaʿa-i Nīkūlāyidī, 1313.
Şa`bân, Zekiyyüddin [ZakiÌ al-DiÌn ShaʿbaÌn]. İslâm Hukuk İlminin Esasları (Usûlü´l Fıkh). Translated into Turkish by İbrahim Kâfi Dönmez. 5th ed. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı Yayınları, 2001.
al-Shāfiʿī, Aḥmad Maḥmūd. Uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī. Beirut: Manshūrāt al-Ḥalab al-Ḥuqūqiyyah, 2002.
al-Shaybānī, Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan. al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaghīr. Karachi: Idārat al-Qurʾān wa-l-ʿUlūm al-Islāmiyyah, 1990.
Shaykhīzādah, Dāmād ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad. Majmaʿ al-anhur fī sharḥ Multaqá l-abḥur (along with Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Ib-rāhīm al-Ḥalabī´s Multaqá l-abḥur and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥaṣkafī´s al-Durr al-muntaqá fī sharḥ al-Multaqá). 2 vols. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, n.d.
al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn Masʿūd ibn ʿUmar. Sharḥ al-ʿAqāʾid. Istanbul: Fazilet Neşriyat, n.d.
. al-Talwīḥ ilá kashf ḥaqāʾiq al-Tanqīḥ (along with á¹¢adr al-Sharīʿah al-Awwal ʿUbayd Allāh ibn Masʿūd al-Maḥbūbī´s al-Tawḍīḥ sharḥ al-Tanqīḥ). 2 vols. Edited by Muḥammad ʿAdnān Darwīsh. Beirut: Sharikat Dār al-Arqam ibn Abī l-Arqam, 1998.
al-Tirmidhī, Abū ʿāªsá Muḥammad ibn ʿāªsá. al-Jāmiʿ al-ṣaḥīḥ. 5 vols. Edited by Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir. Istanbul: Çağrı Yayınları, 1981.
al-Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn Abū l-Rabīʿ Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Qawī. Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Rawḍah. 3 vols. Edited by ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muḥsin al-Turkī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 1987.
Türcan, Talip. İslam Hukuk Biliminde Hukuk Normu. Ankara: Ankara Okulu Yayınları, 2003.
Uğur, Seyit Mehmet. “Fıkıh Usûlünde Haram Kavramı.„ Master´s thesis, Istanbul: Marmara University, 2009.
Yargı, Mehmet Ali. Meşhur Sünnetin Dindeki Yeri. Istanbul: Ensar Neşriyat, 2009.
al-Zabīdī, Muḥammad Murtaḍá al-Ḥusaynī. Tāj al-ʿarūs min jawāhir al-Qāmūs. 40 vols. Edited by Muṣṭafá Ḥijāzī. Kuwait: Maṭbaʿat Ḥukūmat al-Kuwayt, 1989.
al-Zarkashī, Badr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Bahādur ibn ʿAbd Allāh. al-Baḥr al-muḥīṭ fī uṣūl al-fiqh. 6 vols. Edited by ʿAbd al-Qādir ʿAbd Allāh al-ʿānī and ʿUmar Sulaymān al-Ashqar. 2nd ed. Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf wa-l-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyyah, 1992.
ZaydaÌn, ʿAbd al-KariÌm. al-Wajīz fī uṣūl al-fiqh. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risālah, 2002.
al-Zaylaʿī, Abū Muḥammad Fakhr al-Dīn ʿUthmān ibn ʿAlī ibn Miḥjan. Tabyīn al-ḥaqāʾiq sharḥ Kanz al-daqāʾiq. 6 vols. BuÌlaÌq: al-MatÌ£baʿat al-Kubrá l-AmiÌriyyah, 1313.
al-Zuḥaylī, Wahbah. Uṣūl al-fiqh al-Islāmī. 2 vols. Damascus: Dār al-Fikr, 1986.